Study: Walking leashed dog connected to increased risk of traumatic brain injury in adults

Washington [US], April 30 : The findings of Johns Hopkins University researchers, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) were the second most common injury among individuals treated in U.S. emergency departments for injuries related to walking a leashed dog from 2001 to 2020. The researchers also discovered that women and those over 65 were more likely than other demographic groups to sustain severe injuries including fractures and TBIs.

The study was published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

"Nearly 53% of U.S. households own at least one dog, according to a 2021-2022 national pet ownership survey," says Ridge Maxson, the study's first author and a third-year medical student at The Johns Hopkins University. "During the COVID-19 pandemic, dog ownership increased significantly as well." Although dog walking is a common daily activity for many adults, few studies have examined the injury burden associated with it. We identified a need for more detailed information regarding these types of incidents."

The researchers were from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database, which is operated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, the researchers found that an estimated 422,659 adults sought treatment in U.S. emergency rooms for injuries resulting from leash-dependent dog walking from 2001 to 2020. Nearly half of all patients were adults aged 40 to 64, and 75% of patients were women. Most injuries occurred due to falling after being pulled by, tangled in or tripped by the leash connected to a dog they were walking.

The three most common injuries among all adults were, in order, finger fracture, TBI, and shoulder sprain or strain. TBI and hip fracture were the two most common injuries among adults aged 65 and older. TBIs identified in this study consisted of both concussions and non concussive internal head injuries, which can include brain contusion (a bruise of the brain tissue), epidural hematoma (bleeding in above the brain's outer membrane) or subdural hematoma (bleeding beneath the brain's outer membrane).

Notably, women with injuries related to dog walking were 50% more likely than men to sustain a fracture. Older dog walkers were more than three times as likely to experience a fall, more than twice as likely to have a fracture and 60% more likely to sustain a TBI than younger dog walkers.

Across the 20-year study period, the estimated annual incidence of injuries due to leash-dependent dog walking more than quadrupled. The researchers posit that this trend may be due to concurrent rising dog ownership rates and the promotion of dog walking to improve fitness.

The team hopes its findings will promote awareness among dog owners and encourage clinicians to discuss the injury potential of leash-dependent dogs walking with their patients.

"Clinicians should be aware of these risks and convey them to patients, especially women and older adults," says Edward McFarland, M.D., the study's senior author and director of the Division of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery at Johns Hopkins Medicine. "We encourage clinicians to screen for pet ownership, assess fracture and fall risk, and discuss safe dog walking practices at regular health maintenance visits for these vulnerable groups. Despite our findings, we also strongly encourage people to leash their dogs wherever it is legally required."

The team also analyzed cases of leash-dependent dog walking injuries among children under age 18. Those findings will be released in the near future.

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