Not all waste behaves the same once it is discarded. In Goa, the material most often found scattered across beaches, highways, riverbanks, and forested areas is not high-value recyclables, but low-value plastic packaging. Sachets, wrappers, thin multi-layered plastic, and disposable pouches account for a large share of visible litter, even in locations that are cleaned regularly. The scale of the challenge is substantial. Goa generates close to 800 tonnes of municipal solid waste each day with 45 per cent classified as non-biodegradable. Within this category, lightweight plastic packaging dominates because it is consumed quickly and abandoned just as easily. Unlike PET bottles or metal cans, these items have little resale value once used, making recovery inconsistent and unattractive.
Tourism amplifies this dynamic. In 2025, Goa received approximately 1.08 crore tourists, generating high volumes of on-the-go consumption. Snack packets, disposable food containers, and single-use plastics are commonly discarded in beaches, forest trails, parking areas, and roadside stops. Once released into open environments, these materials are easily carried by wind and rain into drains, streams, and coastal ecosystems. Conventional waste systems struggle to capture such a volume of waste effectively. Even when collected, sachets and MLP are difficult to recycle and command little market value, weakening incentives for consistent recovery. As a result, they cycle repeatedly through the same locations despite enforcement and clean-up efforts.
Most current responses operate after the damage has already occurred. Clean-up drives remove accumulated litter, and penalties are imposed where violations are identified. What they cannot do reliably is change behaviour at the moment these low-value plastics are consumed and discarded. The absence of value at the point of disposal remains the underlying gap.
Goa's Deposit Refund Scheme (DRS) is designed to intervene at this precise stage. By attaching a refundable deposit to packaging formats that currently lack post-use value, the system alters the economics of disposal. Items that were previously ignored once discarded become worth returning.
For sachets and multi-layered plastics, this shift is significant. A deposit creates a reason for retrieval even in public spaces where littering is most common. If the original consumer does not return the item, its value increases the likelihood that someone else will. In effect, materials that dominate litter are given a pathway back into the recovery system.
Deposit-based recovery does not replace municipal collection or enforcement. It reduces the burden placed on them by limiting how much low-value plastic escapes into the environment in the first place. Cleaner returns also improve downstream handling of materials that are otherwise difficult and costly to manage.
The persistence of sachets and low-value plastics in Goa's public spaces reflects a simple reality: waste without value is easy to abandon. Addressing this imbalance requires mechanisms that change incentives where disposal decisions are made. Deposit-based systems offer a practical way to do that, focusing on the materials most responsible for repeated litter rather than those already captured by existing markets.