Studying why do people differ in their ability to use language

As a part of a large study researchers tried to find the answer to why even native speakers who have learned to speak their mother tongues fluently still differ in their language using abilities at an individual level.

Even though mother tongue is spoken fluently by most people, still adult language speakers not just differ in the no. of words they know but also in the ability to understand and produce words and sentences. In a recent study, researchers found what are the individual differences in language ability related to general cognitive abilities and how do individuals differ across language tasks.

According to the study by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, such questions can only be answered by testing a large number of individuals on a large number of language and cognitive tests. Florian Hintz, the lead author, and his team designed such a test battery, with the aim of using it in a larger study.

In the larger 'individual' study (funded by the Language in Interaction consortium), the team will be combining test performance data with DNA from a thousand participants. In addition, the brains of about 300 of the 1000 participants will be scanned. However, the authors first needed to pilot the test battery with a smaller number of participants.

"Previous individual-differences studies have often focused on a limited set of skills," says Hintz. "The present dataset goes one step further and provides a comprehensive overview of language users' linguistic and non-linguistic skills, with multiple tests per skill."

The researchers invited 112 participants with ages ranging from 18 to 29 and mixed educational backgrounds to the lab in Nijmegen. Participants completed the battery of 33 tests twice, to establish the reliability of the new measurements, with one month in between test sessions. Testing took about eight hours for each participant as per the study by the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.

The battery included three types of tests: (1) tests of linguistic experience such as vocabulary size, (2) tests of general cognitive skills such as processing speed or working memory capacity, and (3) tests of linguistic processing skills, measuring production and comprehension of words and sentences. Apart from well-known standardized tests (such as Raven's matrices), the battery included newly developed tests (such as a test on idiomatic expressions and a test on normative rules of Dutch grammar).

The majority of the tests proved to be reliable and suitable for the individual main study, which is currently ongoing. The team is still recruiting participants for the main study, so native Dutch speakers (between 18 and 30) are invited to take part.

The authors decided to share the data from their pilot study, which is freely available at the UK Data Service data archive (UKDA). The team encourages other researchers to use the database for new analyses. "Individual-differences studies are rarely conducted, as these studies are time-consuming and expensive," says Hintz. "Especially in the current situation, where in-person testing isn't always possible, this resource may provide alternative routes for conducting research."

"The database is valuable to any researcher, clinician, or teacher interested in investigating the relationships between linguistic skills, non-linguistic skills, and linguistic knowledge," Hintz concludes. "Ultimately, using this dataset, one may take a first step towards addressing the question 'What makes someone a good language user'?"

( With inputs from ANI )

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