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Individuals vary in the capability of their immune systems to ward off gut infections due to bacteria viruses and other pathogens, but the latest research suggests that part of this can be explained by genetic factors.Now, scientists at EPFL's Institute of Bioengineering have published two papers in Genome Biology that make significant headway in uncovering the mechsms by which genetics influences the ability of an orgsm to mount an immune reaction to an invading gut pathogen. The research was carried out by Michael Frochaux and Maroun Bou Sleiman from Bart Deplancke's research group at EPFL.The scientists turned to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to study this phenomenon since it shares many of the biological pathways involved in fighting gut infections in humans.The scientists studied a large panel of genetically distinct fruit fly lines, which vary greatly in their ability to resist gut infection by the severe pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. To better understand the molecular origin of this variation, the researchers isolated infected guts from each fly line and explored them using a wide array of approaches.In the first paper, the researchers show that gut infection changes RNA splicing, which affects the production of messenger RNA (mRNA), a crucial molecule in the path from gene to protein. Specifically, the infection seems to lengthen one end of several mRNAs."It is as if the orgsm intends to add more information in these mRNAs that could then be exploited to further fine-tune the overall gut immune response," says Deplancke. The change in mRNA length seems to be mediated through a protein called Lark, which binds RNA to form a complex involved in gene expression. When this complexing ability is lost, the fruit flies were less able to recover from a severe gut infection, clearly demonstrating the importance of this process in gut immunity.The second paper reports the discovery of a number of genetic variants that alter the levels of gene expression in the gut following infection. One particular variant could be directly linked to variation in infection resistance because it modulates the expression level of a gene called Nutcracker. More resistant fly lines showed higher Nutcracker expression compared to less resistant ones."This study provides an intriguing example of how variation in the non-coding part of the genome could still critically affect complex traits such as height or disease susceptibility," says Deplancke. "In this case, this includes gut immunocompetence, so we need to consider the whole genome and not just its genes".( With inputs from ANI )

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