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For decades, cervical cancer carried a quiet but heavy fear, often detected late, discussed little, and misunderstood widely. Today, that fear is increasingly outdated. Cervical cancer is now among the most preventable and treatable cancers, thanks to effective screening tools and the availability of the HPV vaccine. Yet in India, the disease continues to claim far too many lives not because we lack solutions, but because access and awareness remain uneven.Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women, particularly affecting those between 30 and 60 years of age. In 2022 alone, over 1.23 lakh women were diagnosed in the country, accounting for nearly 23% of global cervical cancer deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a clear elimination target bringing incidence below four cases per 100,000 women and outlined a practical, achievable roadmap to get there by 2030.“Cervical cancer stands apart from many other cancers because we can prevent it before it even begins,” says Dr. Santhoshkumar Bandegudda, Consultant – Surgical Oncology. “The science is strong, the tools are available, and the window for action is wide.”Understanding the Disease: Where Prevention BeginsNearly all cervical cancer cases are linked to persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly HPV-16 and HPV-18. HPV is extremely common, most sexually active individuals encounter it at some point but in the majority of cases, the infection clears naturally within one to two years.Problems arise when the virus persists. Over time, it can cause precancerous changes in the cervix, which may gradually progress to cancer if left undetected.“This long precancerous phase is our biggest advantage,” explains Dr. Bandegudda. “It gives us years, not months to identify risk early and intervene effectively.”Screening: The First Line of DefenceCervical cancer screening allows these early changes to be detected and treated long before they turn serious. Common screening methods include the Pap smear, HPV DNA testing, and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). These tests are recommended for women from the age of 21 onwards, based on risk and medical advice.Even as vaccination expands, screening remains essential. “Vaccines significantly reduce risk, but they don’t cover every cancer-causing HPV strain,” Dr. Bandegudda notes. “Screening and vaccination work best when they go hand in hand.”HPV Vaccination: A Turning Point in PreventionGlobally, the HPV vaccine has proven to be a game-changer. Large population studies show it offers up to 97–98% protection against cervical cancer caused by the most common high-risk HPV types. Beyond individual protection, widespread vaccination also contributes to herd immunity.The vaccine is most effective when administered before exposure to HPV and is recommended for girls between 9 and 16 years of age. Ongoing research, including studies in India suggests that even a single-dose regimen may provide substantial protection, potentially making large-scale rollout more feasible.Bringing Prevention Closer to CommunitiesAt Prakriya Hospitals in Bengaluru, these global strategies are translated into everyday action. The hospital conducts cervical cancer screening camps in villages, awareness sessions for garment factory workers, vaccine education programmes in schools and colleges, and offers subsidised screening packages integrated with other cancer checks. Advanced treatment options, including robotic surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy, ensure comprehensive care when needed.“Healthcare cannot remain confined to hospital walls,” Dr. Bandegudda says. “If we want real impact, prevention has to reach homes, schools, and workplaces.”A Shared ResponsibilityCervical cancer prevention is as much a public health and social responsibility as it is a medical one. Eliminating stigma, improving access, and empowering women with accurate information are critical steps. Training healthcare professionals to counsel families and communities plays an equally important role.“No woman should lose her life to a cancer we know how to prevent,” Dr. Bandegudda reflects. “Our stories may be different, but our mission is shared and every informed decision counts.”As India moves toward the WHO’s 2030 elimination goal, the path forward is clear: vaccinate our daughters, screen our mothers and sisters, and normalise conversations around women’s health. With collective effort, cervical cancer can move from fear to prevention and finally, to history.

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