Women are amongst the biggest users of public transport across Indian cities. Eighty-four per cent of their trips were estimated to be by public transport, a World Bank report said.
According to the World Bank's report -- a toolkit on 'Enabling Gender Responsive Urban Mobility and Public Spaces in India', how men and women travel is also intrinsically different. More women tend to walk to work compared to men -- 45.4 per cent versus 27.4 per cent.
This report, which was released recently, was compiled with the aim of guiding Indian cities on how to design public transport that is more inclusive of women's travelling requirements.
More women also travel by bus and are likely to consider affordability into account when travelling, the report said, adding that they often choose slower means of transport since faster modes are more expensive. Lack of safety also deters women from stepping out, reducing their presence in public spaces, it added.
The toolkit has been designed in response to a 2019 World Bank-supported survey of 6,048 respondents in Mumbai. This survey found that between 2004 to 2019, men shifted to two-wheelers to commute to work, while women used auto-rickshaws or taxies, which tend to be more costly (per trip) than two-wheelers.
It contains practical tools that can inform a wide set of policymakers as well as private or community-based organisations to help ensure safe and inclusive public spaces and public transport for women in India.
Public transport services are not traditionally designed keeping in mind women's safety and their specific travel needs, according to the World Bank report. This severely limits their access to work, education and life choices. India has amongst the lowest female labour force participation rates globally, at 22.8 per cent in 2019-20.
The report also recommends several interventions in transport and public spaces, including adequate streetlighting, improved walking and cycling tracks that particularly benefit women who are big users of non-motorised transport. The report said that devising lower fare policies can boost ridership for women and persons of other genders. Setting up a strong grievance redressal system can help fast-track sexual harassment complaints.
"As urban mobility systems expand, implementing agencies are feeling the need to address concerns of different genders and ensure safe and inclusive public spaces and public transport for women," said Gerald Paul Ollivier, Lead Transport Specialist, World Bank, and co-author of the toolkit. "The toolkit brings together lessons learnt on the 'what' and 'how' through a series of 50 case studies from across India and the rest of the world, throwing light on interventions that have worked."
( With inputs from ANI )
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